Introduction: The rise of Islam and victory of the countries and its spreads was mysterious. As we know the up and down in history is a common rule. It is also happened in Muslims History. From the first of eighteenth century, the downfall of Muslim started in history. After the length of Sahib-E-Kieran Sultan Suleiman were no qualified rulers and his ancestors were week because of that Europe and Turk in Asia the empire had been gracing down. This was privileged for Europe, Asia, and Africa; mostly Christian Europe became enemy of them and took weapon against Islam. In this situation the Muslim became perplexed to the extreme; land after land they lost by the authority of Europe. In eighteenth century they not only lost the empire and freedom but downfall of in every side. They went far from Islamic teaching of Hazrat Muhammad, life of four Caliphs in between man's prejudices, unjust rites and ritual entered in after the name of society and in Islam. To protect the Muslims from those entire worst situation many reformers appeared in this time and by the effort o the Muslim renaissance started. Who were at the centre of renaissance Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī was famous of them.
Birth
He claimed to be of Afghan origin most of his life but evidence suggests that he was born in Iran (1839 March 9, 1897). Although some older sources claim that Afghani was born in a district of Kunar Province in Afghanistan which is also called Asadabad, now proves that he was born in Iran, in the village of Asadābād, near the city of Hamadān into a family of Sayyids. Records indicate that he spent his childhood in Iran and was brought up as a Shi'a Muslim. He was educated first at home then taken by his father for further education to Qazvin, to Tehran, and finally, while he was still a youth, to the Shi'a shrine cities in Iraq. An ethnic Persian, al-Afghani claimed to be an Afghan in order to present himself as a Sunni Muslim.
Education Life
Jamal al-Din al-Afghani received education in his own country and then he went to Tehran the capital of Iran for higher education. He studied to the famous teacher Akasid Adik who was an Theologian in Islam. He also studied there Arabic, French, Mathematics History Philosophy, Rhetoric and took a depth knowledge on it.
Working Life
The centres of the working of Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī were Persia, Egypt Turk India Afghanistan. In his work places he stirred the heart of the Youth by the thought of reformation and modern thinking. Travel to Persia Turk England Russia India he earned experiences which he offered to reform the religion and thought Pan-Muslims.
Main purpose of Education philosophy
As a first Muslim philosopher his main purposes of education philosophy were-
*To realized main message of Quran
*Lead the lives by the light of religious teaching
The famous speech
Jamal-al-Din Afghani said: "I lived in the West, I saw Islam, but I never saw any Muslims. I lived in the East, and I saw the Muslims, but I never saw Islam."
When the Muslims lead the lives according to Quran that time they also able to revive Islamic civilization in the face of European dominion significantly influence the development of Muslim thought and protect the unjust. The empire were such powerful that one cannot struggle with them That’s why he understood the impotence of making pan-Islamic country and started his preaching to the people. His movement is called "Pan Islamism."
It is very clear that birth of Afghani was just eight years after the death of Hegel. So it is very true that we might find in internal theology and history in Afghani. It is better to say Hegel was progressive modern thinker in Christianity and Afghani was in Islam. As Hegel described the relationship the Trinitarian God on the other hand Afghani tried to show the teaching fundamental of Islam to save the Muslims from the decadence. In both persons they use religion to establish their philosophy logically on progressive welfare of religion.
Their philosophy is much more related with religion and history consents. According to Afghani development is exact depend on education of religion and the life made of the light of evulsions of history. Religion is very important to bring the civilization of the normal way o development.
He wrote a theory, based on religion and history is very positive and progressive. His only philosophical book was "Refutation of the Materialists"(1881), which was actually intending as a tract against a pro-British political opponent in this book he described a utopian "virtuous City," somewhat like Plato's republic. It was a hierarchically structured society based on the principles of shame, trustworthiness, and truthfulness and aspiring to the ideas of intelligence, pride and justice.
Theology
According to Afghani religion is soul source of permanent and real welfare of human being. The welfare is not depending on making big building or structure or making deadly weapons culture and civilization is totally depended on free practice of modern science, Moral and religious practices. According to Afghani the idea of religion was deferent from current and hereditical religious practices. That's why he said that religion must be based on proof and logic not the idea or practices full of prejudice. He also mentioned any religion can be judge by logic and Islam is not out of that. It can be said, according to Quran and Hadith. He suggested the Muslims to establish faith on proper judgments not by the emotions. It is mentioned that Afghani was excessicely daring them 'Mutazila' Movement.
Free will and Alienisms
Free will: According to the concept of free will he was supporter of 'Mutazila' community. Regarding free will, he said that the faith which constructs the determination and moral knowledge. Moreover, free will makes a man patience and courageous.
Alienisms: Regarding alienisms, he said that it is an idea of destruction which is against the Islam.
Fundamental teaching of Islam
that he is separate from other animal. By the education he received the capacity to control the
enmity and vices and live with other human being in peace harmony. According to
Afghani, the nation who practices truth he develops his fortune, knowledge, searching the
truth and earns the system of civilization.
created a will to look higher dominion where human beings have to go by removing bad will,
envy and live at the atmosphere of love and peace with other.
bad practices and repent from evil doing. Honesty makes healthy and peaceful community life.
Truthfulness is that virtue by which going and receiving is going on I human being.
Philosophy of History
These virtues were mile stones for development and advancement for biggest and powerful nation. Through these virtues Greek became powerful nation though they were small in number. Again they were defeated by the Roman because materialism and lay of comfortable live, it is mention by Afghani. Persia was defeated by Arab only reason was stabling 'Mazda'. During the tenth century 'Battani' Ismail was preached and destroyed the Islamic mentality and showed the seed contradiction. Muslims become careless in religion and morality and become weak and at the result, two hundred years they were under the Crusaders and a last Chengish Khan seized the Islamic countries.
During the time of eighteenth century communism brought up by Carl Marks which was for the welfare of poor and up rooted people. It is a gather the individual property and makes a community. Afghani mentioned, this was the sign of social injustice and blood shedding war because of their atheist mentality, he indicated that this is threat of peace and existence. That’s why he reminded the Muslims to keep themselves apart from this.
Create Public opinion in Europe
He understood that, to save Muslim nation has to create public opinion in European countries. He went to travel to European countries.
Persia
That’s time a group of writers appeared and their main work were discouraged Islam and eastern countries, that time Afghani was at Paris and took revenges against these writers and their false theory. The first class news papers of Paris published his writings. He invited the Muslims stand against these false.
Public opinion against 'Badsha'
Then he tried to make public opinion against tyrannical 'Badsha'. That's why he came first in subcontinent and spends one and half years and went to Mecca to celebrate his Hajj. After Hajj, Amir Dost Muhammad Kha received eagerly him at Kabul. Then he came to Calcutta and managed some Muslim youth and took oath to him. By inspiration of him, one teacher 'Madrasa' wrote two books which were banned by British Government at that time.
Egypt
After the travels of India he went Egypt. Ismail Pasha was governor of Egypt and country people were annoyed with his tyrannical rule. He made a strong public opinion against him and Pasha was defeated on that position Tauphik Pasha was enthroned. Finally British Government told him to leave Egypt.
India sub-continent
Again Afghani came back to India. British Government captured him at Haidrabad and imprisoned him and after they get him ride and told him to leave this country. He went Paris after visiting many places. He use to publish news paper and this news paper was published from Paris and London.
Iran and Istanbul
The Emperor of Iran met with Afghani at 1889 at Paris and took invitation from him and from there he tried to preach immediately a good number of people become disciples of him. By the false witness, he was sent out of country after that he went London. Sultan of Iran invited him (for his fame) and they met at Istanbul and he was received there. After a few days, some Young became disciple of him. And because of that he became enemy of Sultan.
Death
There are two history of his death, some says he was dead by cancer at 9th March 1897 and in Istanbul and was buried there. In late 1944, due to the request of Afghan government, his remains were taken to Afghanistan and laid in Kabul inside the Kabul University, a mausoleum was erected for him. Some says Afghani was murdered by a group of people at 9th of March 1897 and some claimed that Abdul Humid was attached with this.
Pioneer of revolt
To build pan-Islamic country he was a pioneer. That's why western writers named his revolution "Pan-Islamism." His movement was to get ride of European power and gather the all Islamic countries in one unity.
Thinker and thirst for knowledge
He was a good thinker and thirst of knowledge and real Muslim. He invited all the Muslims to follow basic knowledge of Islam. He said Islam is only religion which is based on logic and not an analytic knowledge.
Religious Person
Afghani was a pious man though he was philosopher. He said-the permanency and development of happiness and progress must be depended on religion. Religion is the soul source of human happiness and advancement. The Islamic social system, mutual love, knowledge, freedom which can be affected by materialism and this will bring indiscipline national lives.
Patriotism
As a human being he has love and affection to the country and nation. Patriotism is a instinct emotion to a individual person. To develop consciousness on patriotism he worked a lot.
Iron man
Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī was an iron man in nineteenth century. He had a great personality. He had spent his life to build up the Muslim society from the prejudices and religious minded. To protect the Muslims from injustice he revolt and encouraged people to protect themselves. Allah is the owner of every thing. One has no right to own wealth unjustly and this rule is applicable for the rulers also. Ruler must rule for the betterment of the people.
Fruit of revolt
Many went against of him especially the community of 'Molla.' A group of 'Molla' of Turk announces 'Fatwa' to Afghani claiming him as a 'Kaffer.' His disciples brought his speech to the public. Because of his movement Pasha Mahdi from Egypt and Sudan called a revolt to British Rulers. Abduh and Allama Iqbal inspired by him brought new thought to the Muslim World.
Conclusion
Al-Afghani is one of the most prominent Islamic political leaders and philosopher in nineteenth century. He was concerned with the subjection of the Muslim world by Western colonial power, and he made the liberation independence and unity of the Islamic world one of the major aims of his life. We find depth spirituality; religious consents and searching for the spiritual power. He struggled whole life to acquire these virtues. He was a politician, a thinker, and modern religious reformer, over all a Muslim philosopher. He was a Muslim leader of present Muslim World. He is called pioneer of Modern era Muslim renaissance.
Bibliography
1. Encyclopedia of Islam, v.11, Islamic Foundation, edit. Abdul Haque Faridi, "Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī," 1996.
2. The Encyclopedia of Islam, v.2, Leiden E. J. Brill Netherland 1983.
3. The New Encyclopaedia Britanica,v. 6, s. v. "Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī,," by Elie Kedourie.
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